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1277| 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. | | 1202–1304 | Flanders [civic and commercial buildings] | The Cloth Hall at Ypres, in Flanders (now part of Belgium), one of the finest Gothic secular buildings of the late Middle Ages, is built. It is destroyed in 1915. | | 1277 | Central Asia [wars] | An army sent by Kublai Khan defeats his cousin Khaidu at Karakorum in central Asia, but he survives this and subsequent attempts to suppress his rebellion. | | 9 November 1277 | England [treaties] | Llywelyn ap Gruffydd, Prince of Wales, submits to King Edward I of England in the Treaty of Conway. He is forced to give up all his claims to the kingship of Wales. | | 25 November 1277 | Papal States, Italy [administration] | John Gaetan is elected Pope Nicholas III. |
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