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1280| 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. | | 1202–1304 | Flanders [civic and commercial buildings] | The Cloth Hall at Ypres, in Flanders (now part of Belgium), one of the finest Gothic secular buildings of the late Middle Ages, is built. It is destroyed in 1915. | | 1280 | Italy [tools] | Alessandro della Spina and Salvino degli Armati of Florence, Italy, are traditionally credited with the invention of spectacles. Their first designs use convex lenses to correct long-sightedness. | | 1280 | Russia [administration] | Mangu-Temur, Khan of the ‘Golden Horde’, dies. He is succeeded by his brother Tuda-Mangu, but Nogay, the Mongol ruler of the Lower Danube, assumes joint rule in Russia as khan of ‘the Nogay Horde’, ruling between the Dnieper and Danube rivers. Tuda-Mangu ravages Vladimir and replaces Dmitri with his brother Andrew as grand duke. |
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