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1281| 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. | | 1202–1304 | Flanders [civic and commercial buildings] | The Cloth Hall at Ypres, in Flanders (now part of Belgium), one of the finest Gothic secular buildings of the late Middle Ages, is built. It is destroyed in 1915. | | 22 February 1281 | Papal States, Italy, Sicily [administration] | Simon de Brie is elected Pope Martin IV. He appoints Charles of Anjou, King of Sicily, as senator of Rome. | | 10 April 1281 | Rome, Byzantine Empire [political events] | Pope Martin IV, under the influence of Charles of Anjou, King of Sicily, excommunicates the Byzantines and renounces the union of 6 July 1274. | | 3 July 1281 | Venice, Sicily, Italy, Latin Empire of Constantinople, Byzantine Empire [treaties] | By the Treaty of Orvieto, the Venetians undertake to assist Charles of Anjou, King of Sicily, to restore the Latin Empire in Constantinople. Pope Martin IV declares Michael VIII Palaeologus, the Byzantine emperor, deposed. | | 15 August 1281 | China, Japan [Mongol conquests (1206–1405)] | A second fleet sent by Kublai Khan, the Mongol emperor of China, to conquer Japan is destroyed by a typhoon in Hakata Bay. The grateful Japanese call it kamikaze (divine wind). | | 30 October 1281 | Mameluke Sultanate, Armenia, Ilkhanate, Syria [wars] | The Mameluke sultan of Egypt, Qalawun, defeats the Mongols, Armenians, and Knights Hospitallers (members of an order of Christian chivalry) at Homs, Syria, after a failure by the Ilkhan of Persia to persuade Pope Martin IV to order a crusade against the Mamelukes. |
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