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1285| 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. | | 1202–1304 | Flanders [civic and commercial buildings] | The Cloth Hall at Ypres, in Flanders (now part of Belgium), one of the finest Gothic secular buildings of the late Middle Ages, is built. It is destroyed in 1915. | | 1285 | Italy [painting] | The Rucellai Madonna is painted as the altarpiece for the Church of Santa Maria Novella in Florence, Italy. Once attributed to Cimabue, it is now thought to be the work of the Sienese painter Duccio. | | 2 April 1285 | Papal States, Italy [administration] | Jacopo Savelli is elected Pope Honorius IV. | | 7 September 1285 | France, Aragon, Spain [wars] | King Philip III of France takes the town of Gerona in Aragon. He now withdraws from his ‘crusade’ against King Pedro III of Aragon as his army is ravaged by disease. | | 5 October 1285 | France [administration] | King Philip III the Bold of France dies of the plague. He is succeeded by his son, Philip IV the Fair. |
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