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1291| 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. | | 1202–1304 | Flanders [civic and commercial buildings] | The Cloth Hall at Ypres, in Flanders (now part of Belgium), one of the finest Gothic secular buildings of the late Middle Ages, is built. It is destroyed in 1915. | | 1291 | Russia [political events] | Nogay, Khan of ‘the Nogay Horde’ (between the Dnieper and Danube rivers), deposes and kills Tele-Buga and has Tokhta proclaimed as khan of the ‘Golden Horde’. | | 1 August 1291 | Holy Roman Empire, Swiss Confederation [political events] | The Three Forest Cantons of Schwyz, Uri, and Unterwalden (in modern Switzerland) form a defensive league against the Habsburgs. |
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