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1295| 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. | | 1202–1304 | Flanders [civic and commercial buildings] | The Cloth Hall at Ypres, in Flanders (now part of Belgium), one of the finest Gothic secular buildings of the late Middle Ages, is built. It is destroyed in 1915. | | c. 1295 | Italy [ships and shipping] | Venetian shipwrights develop the huge, oar-powered boats known as ‘great galleys’, which are up to 50 metres long. These will allow Venetian merchants to dominate Europe. | | 1295 | Castile, León, Aragon, Spain [administration] | King Sancho IV of Castile and León dies. He is succeeded by his four-year old son, Ferdinand IV. Ferdinand's minority offers the Spanish kingdom of Aragon a chance to make territorial gains at the expense of Castile. | | 5 July 1295 | Scotland, France [treaties] | Scotland and France seal a treaty of alliance (the ‘Auld Alliance’). |
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