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1297| 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. | | 1202–1304 | Flanders [civic and commercial buildings] | The Cloth Hall at Ypres, in Flanders (now part of Belgium), one of the finest Gothic secular buildings of the late Middle Ages, is built. It is destroyed in 1915. | | 1297 | Japan [economic conditions] | The Japanese shogunate cancels all the debts of its retainers in order to relieve their growing impoverishment – the consequence of high living standards and partible inheritances. The Japanese ‘feudal’ structure is collapsing under these strains. | | 1297–1301 | Italy [sculpture] | Italian sculptor Giovanni Pisano sculpts the pulpit of S Andrea, Pistoia, Italy. | | 1297 | Venice, Genoa, Byzantine Empire [wars] | The Venetians sack the Genoese port of Kaffa, in the Crimea, in their struggle to seize control of trade with the Byzantine Empire. The Genoese ravage the Venetian island of Crete and are assisted by the emperor Andronicus II Palaeologus in massacring Venetian merchants in the Byzantine Empire. | | 5 May 1297 | Scotland, England [Anglo–Scottish Wars 1296–1371)] | The Scottish nationalist William Wallace leads a Scottish rising against King Edward I of England, burning an English castle and attacking one of the king's justiciars. | | 11 September 1297 | Scotland, England [Anglo–Scottish Wars 1296–1371)] | The Scottish nationalist William Wallace defeats the English forces, under Earl Warrene, at Stirling Bridge, Scotland. |
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