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1303| 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. | | 1202–1304 | Flanders [civic and commercial buildings] | The Cloth Hall at Ypres, in Flanders (now part of Belgium), one of the finest Gothic secular buildings of the late Middle Ages, is built. It is destroyed in 1915. | | 30 April 1303 | Holy Roman Empire [political events] | Pope Boniface VIII recognizes Albert I of Habsburg as Holy Roman Emperor. | | 20 May 1303 | France, England [treaties] | King Philip IV of France and King Edward I of England make peace in the Treaty of Paris, in which the French duchy of Gascony is restored to Edward for which he must pay fealty to Philip. | | 9 September 1303 | France, Flanders [political events] | King Philip IV of France releases Count Guy of Flanders in an attempt to calm the Flemish uprising, after an unsuccessful French campaign in Flanders. | | 12 September 1303 | Italy [political events] | Pope Boniface VIII, imprisoned in Anagni, Italy, by an Italian force for King Philip IV of France, is released in a rising by the people of Anagni. | | 22 October 1303 | Papal States, Italy [administration] | The Italian clergyman Niccolò Boccasini is elected Pope Benedict XI following the death of Pope Boniface VIII. |
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