| 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. |
| 1305 | England [legislation] | King Edward I of England introduces measures to standardize certain weights and measures, including the yard and the acre. |
| c. 1305 | Italy [painting] | Italian artist Giotto di Bondone completes a series of frescoes in the Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel in Padua illustrating the life of the Virgin and the life of Jesus. Bringing a new realism and drama to painting, this major series of frescoes is seen as marking the beginning of Italian Renaissance art. |
| 3 March 1305 | Flanders [administration] | Guy, Count of Flanders, dies and is succeeded by his son, Robert of Béthune. |
| 4 April 1305 | Byzantine Empire, Balkans [political events] | Roger de Flor, the captain of the Catalan mercenary Grand Company, is murdered in Constantinople. His followers defeat the imperial troops of Andronicus II Palaeologus, the Byzantine emperor, and plunder Thrace. |
| 5 June 1305 | Papal States, Italy [administration] | The French clergyman Bertrand de Got is elected Pope Clement V in Rome. |
| 6 June 1305 | France, Flanders [treaties] | In the Treaty of Athis-sur-Orge, King Philip IV of France restores Flanders to Robert of Béthune for the payment of an indemnity. |
| 21 June 1305 | Bohemia, Holy Roman Empire [administration] | King Wenceslas II of Bohemia dies. He is succeeded by his son, Wenceslas III, who makes peace with the Holy Roman Emperor Albert I. |
| 4 August 1305 | Bohemia, Holy Roman Empire [political events] | King Wenceslas III of Bohemia is murdered, ending the Premyslid dynasty. |
| 23 August 1305 | Scotland, England [crime and punishment] | The Scottish nationalist William Wallace, leader of the first resistance movement to free Scotland from English rule, is executed in London, England, as a traitor against King Edward I of England, after having been betrayed and captured in Glasgow, Scotland (c. 35). He is tried in Westminster Hall, London, and promptly hung, drawn, and quartered. His head is displayed on London Bridge in London. |
| 9 September 1305 | England, Scotland [legislation] | King Edward I of England enacts an ordinance for the government of Scotland. The country is to be ruled by a governor, a lieutenant, and a chamberlain. There is also to be a separate Scottish parliament. |
