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1309| 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. | | 1309 | France [Christianity] | Pope Clement V begins his (and the papacy's) residence at Avignon, in the south of France. Known as the Babylonian Captivity, the papacy's stay in Avignon lasts until 1377. | | 1309 | Pomerania [political events] | The Teutonic Knights (a German Christian military order) complete their seizure of East Pomerania. Their grand master moves his headquarters from Venice to Marienburg. | | 1309 | Aragon, Spain [Reconquista of Spain (711–1492)] | Guzmán el Bueno takes Gibraltar from the Moors. Valencia is permanently annexed to Aragon. |
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