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1311| 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. | | 1311 | Italy [painting] | Italian artist Duccio de Buoninsegna completes his painting Maestà for the high altar of Siena Cathedral. It consists of a huge panel painting depicting the Virgin and Child on one side and 26 scenes of the Passion of Christ on the other. Commissioned to commemorate the failure of a siege of Siena, the work is paraded through the streets when it is finished. | | 1311 | Milan, Florence, Italy, Holy Roman Empire [political events] | On leaving northern Italy for Rome, the Holy Roman Emperor Henry VII appoints Matteo Visconti as imperial vicar of Milan, and Can Grande della Scala as vicar of Verona, thus legitimizing their despotisms. Florence appoints Robert of Naples as its lord to defend it against Henry. | | 16 August 1311 | England [administration] | A parliament meets in which King Edward II of England accepts the Ordinances for the reform of his government and banishes his favourite, Piers Gaveston, Earl of Cornwall. | | 16 October 1311 | France [law and government] | The General Council of Vienne, an ecclesiastical assembly convoked by Pope Clement V under pressure from the French king Philip IV the Fair, opens in Vienne, France. It decides to create chairs in Arabic and Tatar at Paris, Louvain, and Salamanca; to suppresses the religious groups, the Béguins and Beghards; and to abolish the Knights Templars. |
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