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1312| 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. | | 1312 | Russia [political events] | Tokhta, Khan of the ‘Golden Horde’, dies. He is succeeded by Uzbekh, a Muslim who completes the conversion of the horde to Islam. | | 19 June 1312 | England [political events] | The banished Piers Gaveston, Earl of Cornwall, who has returned to England, is captured and killed by the earls of Lancaster and Warwick. His death causes a split among King Edward II of England's baronial opponents. | | 17 September 1312 | Castile, León, Spain [administration] | King Ferdinand IV of Castile and León dies. He is succeeded by his infant son, Alfonso XI. In the chaos caused by Alfonso's minority, civil war breaks out. |
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