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1440| 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. | | c. 1440 | Italy [churches and temples] | Work begins on the Pazzi Chapel in Florence, Italy, designed by the Italian architect Filippo Brunelleschi. It is completed in the 1460s, with changes made by other architects. | | 1440 | Germany [information technology] | German craftsman Johann Gutenberg of Mainz, Germany, is the first European to develop a method of printing by movable metal type, improving on the current Chinese and Korean methods. | | 1440 | Italy [painting] | Italian artist Fra Angelico (Guido di Pietro) paints Madonna and Saints (San Marco Altarpiece), one of the first of many works at the monastery of San Marco in Florence, Italy. | | c. 1440 | Italy [philosophy] | Italian scholar and humanist Lorenzo Valla publishes his treatise De libero arbitrio/On Free Will. | | 1440 | Germany [philosophy] | German churchman and philosopher Nicholas of Cusa (Nicolaus Cusanus) publishes De docta ignorantia/On Learned Ignorance. |
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