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1451| 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. | | 1451 | Genoa [births and deaths] | Christopher Columbus, navigator and explorer, the first discoverer of the New World to achieve long-term historical impact, born in Genoa, Italy (–1506). | | 1451–1456 | Germany, Holy Roman Empire [literature and language] | German craftsman Johann Gutenberg produces the first printed Bible, in Mainz, Germany, using movable, reusable, metal type. The work is printed in Gothic type, with 42 lines per page; 48 copies of the original printing currently survive. | | 19 April 1451 | India [administration] | Buhlul Khan, Afghan governor of Punjab, deposes and retires the last Sayyid (claiming descent from Mohammed's grandson Husein) sultan of Delhi, 'Alam Shah, and claims the throne for himself, founding the Lodi dynasty. | | 22 April 1451 | Castile [births and deaths] | Isabella I the Catholic, Queen of Castile 1474–1504 and Aragon 1479–1504, who ruled the two kingdoms jointly with her husband, Ferdinand, from 1479, born in Madrigal de las Altas Torres, Castile (–1504). |
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