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1453| 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. | | 1451–1456 | Germany, Holy Roman Empire [literature and language] | German craftsman Johann Gutenberg produces the first printed Bible, in Mainz, Germany, using movable, reusable, metal type. The work is printed in Gothic type, with 42 lines per page; 48 copies of the original printing currently survive. | | 1453–1457 | China, Ming Empire [natural disasters] | A series of natural disasters including blizzards, floods, drought, and earthquakes causes widespread famine and internal migration in China. | | 19 October 1453 | France, England [Hundred Years War (1337–1453)] | The beleaguered port of Bordeaux, France, finally surrenders to the forces of King Charles VII of France, an event which sees the fall of the last English stronghold in Gascony and in France (excepting Calais) and ends the Hundred Years' War. |
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