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1454| 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. | | 1451–1456 | Germany, Holy Roman Empire [literature and language] | German craftsman Johann Gutenberg produces the first printed Bible, in Mainz, Germany, using movable, reusable, metal type. The work is printed in Gothic type, with 42 lines per page; 48 copies of the original printing currently survive. | | 1453–1457 | China, Ming Empire [natural disasters] | A series of natural disasters including blizzards, floods, drought, and earthquakes causes widespread famine and internal migration in China. | | 1454 | Germany, Holy Roman Empire [information technology] | Johann Gutenberg produces the first printed calendar, in Mainz, Germany. | | 1454 | Ayutthaya [welfare] | Trailok, King of Ayutthaya (in modern Thailand), institutes Sadki Na grades which fix the permissible size of land-holdings for any individual on the basis of the number of ‘dignity marks’ they hold. The effect is to establish a new social settlement and abolish landlessness. | | 6 March 1454 | Poland-Lithuania, Prussia, Holy Roman Empire, Germany [wars] | King Casimir (Kazimierz) IV of Poland proclaims the incorporation of Prussia into Poland when the Prussian Union of Cities (led by Gdansk) and the gentry renounce allegiance to the Teutonic Order of Knights. The Thirteen Years' War follows between Poland and the Teutonic Order of Knights. | | 9 March 1454 | Florence [births and deaths] | Amerigo Vespucci, Italian-born Spanish explorer who participated in a number of voyages to the New World and after whom North and South America are named, born in Florence (–1512). | | 8 September 1454 | Poland-Lithuania, Prussia, Holy Roman Empire, Germany [wars] | The forces of the Teutonic Order of Knights severely defeat Polish forces under King Casimir (Kazimierz) IV of Poland at Chojnice, Poland, in the first major battle of the Thirteen Years' War. |
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