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1455| 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. | | 1451–1456 | Germany, Holy Roman Empire [literature and language] | German craftsman Johann Gutenberg produces the first printed Bible, in Mainz, Germany, using movable, reusable, metal type. The work is printed in Gothic type, with 42 lines per page; 48 copies of the original printing currently survive. | | 1453–1457 | China, Ming Empire [natural disasters] | A series of natural disasters including blizzards, floods, drought, and earthquakes causes widespread famine and internal migration in China. | | c. 1455 | Italy [painting] | Italian artist Piero della Francesca completes his cycle of frescoes The Legend of the True Cross in the Church of San Francesco in Arezzo, Italy. Among the best-known scenes are The Discovery of the True Cross and The Meeting of Solomon and the Queen of Sheba. | | 2 March 1455 | Italy [treaties] | Pope Nicholas V proclaims and joins the ‘Italian League’ formed by Milan, Venice, and Florence following the Peace of Lodi of 1454, to which the kingdom of Naples soon adheres. The League, which is to last for 25 years, is a pact against internecine (mutually destructive) warfare and foreign invasion, with permanent diplomatic representation between its members. | | 8 April 1455 | Papal States [administration] | The College of Cardinals in Rome, Italy, elects the Spanish compromise candidate, Alfonso de Borgia, as pope, in order to satisfy both the Roman Orsini and Colonna factions. Taking the name Calixtus III, he succeeds Nicholas V, who died a fortnight earlier. | | 22 May 1455 | England [Wars of the Roses (1455–85)] | The Wars of the Roses begin when forces under Richard, Duke of York, and the Neville earls of Warwick and Salisbury are refused a parley and rapidly defeat the armies of King Henry VI of England in St Albans, England. The king's commander, the Duke of Somerset, is killed, and the king is wounded and captured. |
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