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1478| 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. | | 1478 | Greece [medicine] | The De medicina/On Medicine of the Greek physician Galen is produced in print for the first time, giving new currency to his theories. | | 1478 | Italy [thought and scholarship] | Arnold Buckinck produces printed maps, in Rome, Italy. Twenty-seven maps by Conrad Sweynheym appear in Ptolemy's Cosmographia. | | 1478 | Ottoman Empire [wars] | Krujë, last stronghold of the Albanian prince George Castriota, son of Skanderbeg, falls to the Ottoman Turks, who thus complete their conquest of Albania save for a few Venetian outposts. | | 18 January 1478 | Muscovy [wars] | Ivan III the Great, Prince of Muscovy, uses the pretext of contact with Lithuania as evidence of rebellion and sacks the merchant city and republic of Novgorod, deporting many boyar (noble) families. He incorporates the republic into Muscovy, now the undisputed suzerain of Russia. | | 24 January 1478 | France, Swiss Confederation, Holy Roman Empire [diplomacy] | Mary of Burgundy and her husband Maximilian of Austria end the bitter legacy of her father's war with the Swiss and make peace at Zürich, Switzerland. | | 26 April 1478 | Florence, Papal States, Italy [revolution] | Pope Sixtus IV, resentful of Medici intervention against papal authority in the Romagna region of the Papal States, encourages the ‘Pazzi Conspiracy’, an attempted coup in Florence, Italy. Giuliano de' Medici is murdered while at Mass, but his brother and co-ruler Lorenzo survives, and the conspirators are hunted and killed by the populace. | | 1 June 1478 | Italy, Papal States [wars] | Following the failure of the ‘Pazzi Conspiracy’ and the murder of the conspirator, the archbishop of Pisa, Pope Sixtus IV, excommunicates Lorenzo de' Medici and allies with Naples in a war against Florence, Venice, and Milan, Italy. | | November 1478 | Castile, Spain, Italy [religious freedom] | Pope Sixtus IV provides Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia (the future Pope Alexander VI) with a bull ratifying the Spanish Inquisition, which was established under the control of King Ferdinand V and Queen Isabella I at Seville, Castile, in the previous year. |
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