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1499| 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. | | 9 September 1499 | Portugal, Africa, Italy [exploration] | Vasco da Gama returns to Lisbon, Portugal, from India, having sailed via Malindi, Kenya, and the Azores in the Atlantic Ocean. The other half of his expeditionary force, which arrived in Lisbon a month earlier, has broken the spice trade monopoly of Venice and the Arabs. | | 22 September 1499 | Holy Roman Empire, Swiss Confederation [diplomacy] | Having met defeat at Calven Gorge, and moreover seen his Swabian League allies decimated at Dornach in the Swiss Confederation, Maximilian I the Holy Roman Emperor concedes victory to the Swiss in the Swabian War, and grants them de facto independence from the Holy Roman Empire in the Peace of Basel. |
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