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1509| 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. | | 1509 | England [philosophy] | Dutch humanist Desiderius Erasmus makes his third and longest visit to England (staying until 1514) and lectures at Cambridge. Living much of the time with the English statesman and scholar Thomas More, he writes Encomium moriae/In Praise of Folly, which is published in 1511. | | 1 April 1509 | Spain, France, Holy Roman Empire, Venice, Italy [political events] | The League of Cambrai (an alliance of Spain, France, and the Holy Roman Empire) declares war on Venice, intending to deprive the Venetian Republic of its territories on the Italian mainland. | | 14 May 1509 | France, Venice, Spain, Holy Roman Empire, Italy [wars] | The French under King Louis XII defeat the Venetians at Agnadello. As a result, Pope Julius II annexes Faenza, Rimini, and Ravenna in the Romagna; King Ferdinand II of Aragon takes Otranto and Brindisi; and the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I annexes Verona, Vicenza, and Padua. | | 11 June 1509 | England, Spain [political events] | King Henry VIII of England marries Catherine of Aragon, the daughter of King Ferdinand II of Aragon. | | 10 July 1509 | France [births and deaths] | John Calvin (French: Jean Calvin or Cauvin), leading French Protestant Reformer, whose doctrines are expressed in his Institutio Christianae religionis/Institutes of the Christian Religion, born in Noyon, Picardy, France (–1564). | | 12 October 1509 | Holy Roman Empire, Italy [political events] | The Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I, unable to take Padua from its populace, retreats from Italy for the Tirol. |
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