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1512| 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. | | 1510–1512 | Denmark-Norway, Spanish Netherlands [wars] | King John I of Denmark-Norway, allied with the county of Holland, fights a war with and defeats the Hanseatic city of Lübeck, which has dominated Baltic trade for 350 years. By the Treaty of Malmö, navigation of the Sund is controlled from Copenhagen. | | 1512 | Italy, Rome [painting] | The Italian artist Raphael paints The Sistine Madonna. | | 22 February 1512 | Spain [births and deaths] | Amerigo Vespucci, Italian-born Spanish explorer who participated in a number of voyages to the New World and after whom North and South America are named, dies in Seville, Spain (57). | | 11 April 1512 | France, Italy, Papal States, Spain [wars] | Este (Ferrarese) artillery and French cavalry under Gaston, comte de Foix, defeat the Spanish and papal forces of the anti-French Holy League in a bitter battle at Ravenna, Italy, but Gaston's death in battle mars French prospects in Italy. | | 28 April 1512 | Ottoman Empire [political events] | The Ottoman sultan Bayezid II acknowledges his hopeless position following his sons' revolts and abdicates in favour of the youngest, Selim, governor of Trebizond, who becomes Selim I. | | August 1512 | Italy, France, Milan, Florence, Parma, Piacenza, Swiss Confederation, Holy Roman Empire [political events] | The Congress of Mantua, held by the cities of the papal Holy League against France, restores the Italian duchy of Milan to Massimiliano Sforza and Florence to the Medici family. The papacy gains the duchies of Parma and Piacenza, and the Swiss acquire Lugano, Locarno, and Ossola. |
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