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1513| 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. | | 1513 | Italy [plays] | Italian political writer Niccolò Machiavelli writes two of his best-known works: the play La mandragola/The Mandrake Root, a comedy; and Il Principe/The Prince, a treatise on government, which is published in 1532. | | c. 1513 | Italy, Rome [sculpture] | The Italian artist Michelangelo (Buonarroti) sculpts Moses, intended as the centrepiece of the tomb of Pope Julius II. | | 20 January 1513 | Denmark-Norway, Sweden [political events] | Christian II succeeds as king of Denmark and Norway on the death of King John I. He continues his family's claim in Sweden, where Sten Sture the Younger, deposing the pro-Danish Erik Trolle with the aid of a peasant insurrection, achieves the regency held by his father Svante Sture. | | 9 March 1513 | Papal States, Italy [political events] | The Italian churchman Giovanni de' Medici is elected Pope Leo X, succeeding Pope Julius II, who died on 21 February. He is pope until 1521. | | 5 April 1513 | Holy Roman Empire, England, Spain, Papal States, Italy, France, Spanish Netherlands [treaties] | The Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I, King Henry VIII of England, King Ferdinand II of Spain, and Pope Leo X form an alliance (the second Holy Alliance) for a joint invasion of France, by the Treaty of Mechelin. The regent of the Netherlands, Anne of Austria, declares her territories neutral. | | 16 August 1513 | England, Holy Roman Empire, France, Spanish Netherlands [Habsburg–Valois Wars (1494–1559)] | King Henry VIII of England and the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I lead the English expeditionary force to rout a French army attempting to break their siege of the fortress city of Thérouanne on the River Scheldt, the Netherlands, in the so-called ‘Battle of the Spurs’. | | 9 September 1513 | England, Scotland [wars] | King Henry VIII of England's northern army under Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey, annihilates the invading Scottish army at the Battle of Flodden Field, near Branxton, Northumberland. Amongst the more than 10,000 dead is King James IV of Scotland; his infant son succeeds him as James V and the queen, Margaret Tudor, assumes the regency. | | 25 September 1513 | Spain, Central America, Pacific [exploration] | The members of a Spanish expedition under Vasco Núñez Balboa, governor of Darién (the Panama isthmus), are the first Europeans to sight the Pacific Ocean; on reaching the western shore of present-day Panama, they claim it for Spain. |
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