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1519| 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. | | 1519 | Spain, Central America [astronomy] | The Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés sends the Mayan ‘Dresden Codex’ to Charles V of Spain – it demonstrates the elaborate Mayan calendar based on the movements of the planet Venus. | | 16 February 1519 | France [births and deaths] | Gaspard II de Coligny, French admiral, and Huguenot leader during the early years of the Wars of Religion 1562–98, born in Châtillon-sur-Loing, France (–1572). | | 13 April 1519 | Florence, France [births and deaths] | Catherine de' Medici, Queen Consort of Henry II of France, regent of France 1560–74, mother of Francis II, Charles IX, and Henry III of France, one of the most influential figures in the French Wars of Religion, born in Florence, Italy (–1589). | | 2 May 1519 | Italy, France [births and deaths] | Leonardo da Vinci, Italian painter, sculptor, draughtsman, architect, engineer, and scientist, one of the most influential Renaissance humanists, who painted the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, and whose science was ahead of its time, dies in Cloux, France (c. 67). | | 12 June 1519 | Florence [births and deaths] | Cosimo I the Great de' Medici, Duke of Florence 1537–74 and Grand Duke of Tuscany 1569–74, born in Florence, Italy (–1574). | | 24 June 1519 | Italy [births and deaths] | Lucretia Borgia, daughter of Pope Alexander VI and sister of Cesare Borgia, Italian noblewoman, and a central figure in the notorious Borgia family, dies in Ferrara (39). | | 26 June - 16 July 1519 | Holy Roman Empire, Germany, Saxony [Catholicism] | The German Catholic theologian Johann Eck debates grace, free will, the primacy of the pope, and the infallibility of the general council, with the German church reformer Martin Luther and the more radical German reformer Andreas Carlstadt, in a public disputation at Leipzig, in the Electorate of Saxony. | | 28 June 1519 | Holy Roman Empire [political events] | The Habsburg king Charles I of Spain is unanimously elected Holy Roman Emperor as Charles V in Frankfurt, having bought the electors with loans from the Fuggers of Augsburg. The electors are anyway antipathetic to the prospect of French rule, and the army of Habsburg allies, the Swabian League, is encamped close by. | | 8 November 1519 | Spain, Mexico, Aztec Empire [colonization] | The Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés enters the vast Aztec capital of Tenochtitlán in the Valley of Mexico, at the head of his 500 Spanish forces and 1,000 Tlaxcalan allies, and is received by its ruler Montezuma II, who suspects him to be a reincarnation of the god Quetzalcoatl. |
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