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1525| 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. | | c. 1525 | Flanders, Netherlands [births and deaths] | Pieter Breughel the Elder, foremost Flemish painter of the 16th century, noted for landscapes and genre scenes, whose works include The Tower of Babel (1563) and The Seasons (1565), born, probably in Breda, Brabant, Netherlands (–1569). | | 1525–1527 | Inca Empire [plagues and epidemics] | An epidemic, probably smallpox or measles, decimates the Inca Empire. It is spread via Chiriguano raiders of the Chaco from the Spanish on the Rio de la Plata. Among the dead is the Inca ruler, Huayna Capac, whose failure to nominate a successor leads to civil war. | | 24 February 1525 | France, Holy Roman Empire, Milan, Italy [Habsburg–Valois Wars (1494–1559)] | King Francis I of France's cavalry leads a rash attack on a large Habsburg relief force under Charles, duc de Bourbon, and Fernando, Marchese di Pescara, at the Milanese posession of Pavia, Italy; Francis is captured and around 14,000 are killed (including the Yorkist claimant to the duchy of Suffolk and the English crown, Richard de la Pole). The Habsburgs now dominate Italy until 1860. | | 4 April 1525 | Holy Roman Empire [political events] | Even as it spreads to Alsace and northern Swiss subject territories, the German Bauernkrieg (‘Peasants' War’) revolution experiences its first defeat, by the army of the Swabian League (Habsburg allies) under the Truchesse von Waldburg, at Leipheim, on the River Danube. | | 10 April 1525 | Prussia, Poland-Lithuania [political events] | Albert von Hohenzollern, Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights (a German military Christian order), converts the Prussian lands of his order into the Lutheran duchy of Prussia, of which he will be duke as a vassal of King Sigismund I of Poland. | | May - July 1525 | Holy Roman Empire [revolution] | The revolution of the German Bauernkrieg (‘Peasants' War’) is defeated by the mobilization of the noble classes at Würzburg and Königshofen in Franconia, at Zabern in Alsace, at Böblingen on the River Neckar, and at Wurzach and Sulzdorf in Swabia; all resistance drowns in blood. | | 15 May - 27 May 1525 | Holy Roman Empire, Saxony, Hesse, Germany [political events] | The Thuringian and Saxon peasant armies, the most radical of the Bauernkrieg (‘Peasants' War’), led by Thomas Münzer, are routed and massacred by a coalition of nobles under Philip, Margrave of Hesse, Duke George, and John, Elector of Saxony, at Frankenhausen, Thuringia; Münzer is executed, after Mülhausen falls, on 27 May. |
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