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1526| 1100–1532 | South America [administration] | The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation. | | 1525–1527 | Inca Empire [plagues and epidemics] | An epidemic, probably smallpox or measles, decimates the Inca Empire. It is spread via Chiriguano raiders of the Chaco from the Spanish on the Rio de la Plata. Among the dead is the Inca ruler, Huayna Capac, whose failure to nominate a successor leads to civil war. | | 1526 | Germany [sculpture] | The German artist Hans Holbein completes his woodcut illustrations of The Dance of Death. | | 14 January 1526 | Spain, France, Burgundy, Naples, Milan, Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Genoa, Spanish Netherlands [treaties] | King Francis I of France is forced by his captor, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, to sign the Treaty of Madrid; he promises to surrender the duchy of Burgundy and his claims to Naples, Milan, Asti, Genoa, Flanders, and Artois, and to aid neither Henri d'Albret, claimant to the throne of Navarre, nor the rebel Charles of Egmont, Duke of Guelders. He also pledges to return the sequestered lands to Charles, duc de Bourbon. | | March 1526 | Spain, Portugal [political events] | The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, King Charles I of Spain, completes the double marriage alliance that will unite the Iberian crowns under his son Philip by marrying Isabella, sister of King John III of Portugal. | | 23 May 1526 | Papal States, Venice, Florence, France, Milan, England, Italy, Holy Roman Empire [political events] | Pope Clement VII forms the Holy League of Cognac against the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V with Venice, Florence, and France; Duke Francesco Sforza II of Milan joins later, while King Henry VIII of England allows himself to be named ‘Protector’. The League aims to restore the autonomy of the Italian states and to reverse the Treaty of Madrid of 14 January. | | July 1526 | Holy Roman Empire, Austria, Habsburg Monarchy [political events] | In the last actions of the Bauernkrieg (‘Peasants' War’), which has spread from the archbishopric of Salzburg to the Habsburg lands of Carinthia, Tirol, and Austria, the revolution is defeated at Schladming and brutally suppressed. | | August 1526 | Holy Roman Empire, Germany [political events] | The Diet (legislative assembly) of Speyer, in a Germany threatened with religious war by the rival leagues of Dessau (Catholic) and Torgau (Protestant), reaches a compromise: every polity shall act ‘as he hoped would enable him to justify himself in the eyes of God and the Emperor’ with respect to the 1521 Edict of Worms (which banned the German church reformer Martin Luther and condemned his teachings). The diet also imposes form of censorship in the German states. | | 29 August 1526 | Hungary, Ottoman Empire [Habsburg–Ottoman Wars (1525–1718)] | King Louis II of Hungary leads many of the Magyar nobility in a headlong rush to destruction by the vastly superior strength of the invading Ottoman army, led by Sultan Suleiman I the Magnificent, at Mohács, Hungary; after Louis's death by drowning in the rout, Hungary loses its independence until 1918. |
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