1529

1100–1532	South America [administration]	The Inca empire dominates the Andes region of South America. Its population numbers as many as 12 million. Incan society is based on a strict hierarchy, with an emperor who rules with absolute power. Their religion is based on sun-worship, and they are skilled builders who create a system of roads and irrigation.
1529	Germany [painting]	The German artist Albrecht Altdorfer paints The Battle of Alexander (The Battle of Issus).
April 1529	Swiss Confederation, Austria, Habsburg Monarchy, Holy Roman Empire [political events]	The Swiss Catholic cantons of Schwyz, Unterwald, Luzern, Zug, and Uri form a Christian Union, allying themselves with the traditional enemy, Habsburg Austria, in opposition to the Protestant Civic League formed by Zürich and the cantons of Bern, Basel, Biel, Mulhouse, Schaffhausen, Sankt Gall, and Constance.
19 April 1529	Holy Roman Empire [political events]	Archduke Ferdinand I of Austria coerces another Diet (legislative assembly) of Speyer into voting to enforce the 1521 Edict of Worms, revoking the Speyer concessions of 1526; the minority – John, Elector of Saxony, George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, Philip, Landgrave of Hesse, the princes of Brunswick-Lüneburg and Anhalt, and Nuremberg, Strassburg, and 12 other imperial cities – read their ‘Protest’ against this, giving rise to the term ‘Protestant’.
22 April 1529	Spain, Portugal, Pacific [treaties]	Against the opposition of the Spanish Cortes (parliament), the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, who is also King Charles I of Spain, signs the Treaty of Zaragoza with King John III of Portugal, dividing the Pacific into respective spheres of influence; for 350,000 ducats Spain is to leave the Moluccas and any territories up to 15 degrees east of them.
26 June 1529	Swiss Confederation [political events]	The first Peace of Kappel ends desultory hostilities in the Swiss Confederation between the Catholic cantons of the Christian Union and those of the Protestant Civic League, led by the Zürich of Ulrich Zwingli. The Union agrees to break its alliance with Habsburg Austria, and both sides agree to freedom of conscience in the common subject areas.
29 June 1529	Papal States, Holy Roman Empire, Spain, Naples, Hungary, Bohemia, Milan, Florence, Habsburg Monarchy, Italy [treaties]	Pope Clement VII submits to the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in the Treaty of Barcelona, by which he agrees to crown Charles V and invest him with the kingdom of Naples, and to recognize his brother Ferdinand as king of Hungary and Bohemia, and accepts that the Habsburgs will receive the Italian duchy of Milan after the death of Duke Francesco II Sforza. In return, the Pope's family, the Medici, are to be restored in Florence, taking the title of duke, and the Pope is to regain the allegiance of the papal towns of Italy.
3 August 1529	France, Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Spanish Netherlands, Portugal, Burgundy, Savoy, Spain [treaties]	Louise of Savoy, mother of King Francis I of France, and Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy, aunt of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, finalize the Treaty of Cambrai, ‘The Ladies' Peace’. Francis surrenders all his claims in Italy, suzerainty over Flanders and Artois, and possession of Tournai, and undertakes to marry Eleanor of Portugal, widow of King Manuel I and sister of the emperor Charles; Charles renounces his claim to the duchy of Burgundy, and recognizes Valois acquisitions of the lands of Charles, duc de Bourbon, and the principality of Orange in Provence and Savoy. Francis ransoms his sons from Spain for 2 million crowns.
27 August 1529	England, France, Holy Roman Empire [treaties]	King Henry VIII of England accedes to the Treaty of Cambrai of 3 August, making peace with the Habsburgs and recognizing the failure of the foreign policy of his Lord Chancellor, Cardinal Thomas Wolsey.
27 September 1529	Ottoman Empire, Austria, Habsburg Monarchy, Holy Roman Empire [Habsburg–Ottoman Wars (1525–1718)]	The Ottoman army under Sultan Suleiman I the Magnificent besieges Vienna, the capital of the Habsburg archduke Ferdinand I of Austria; the march through flooded Hungary has taken over two months, allowing Ferdinand to rally veteran forces into the garrison.
14 October 1529	Ottoman Empire, Austria, Habsburg Monarchy, Holy Roman Empire, Hungary [Habsburg–Ottoman Wars (1525–1718)]	The Ottoman sultan Suleiman I the Magnificent is forced by stiff resistance and the onset of autumn to raise the siege of Vienna, capital of Austria; he retreats with heavy losses. Despite this, his ally and Archduke Ferdinand I of Austria's rival for the Hungarian crown, Janos Zápolya, remains in possession of the Hungarian capital Buda (now Budapest) and most of the country.