| 1533–1545 | Dai Viet [political events] | Nguyen Kim restores the south of Dai Viet to the Le dynasty, governing from Hue. The usurping Mac family remains in control of the north from Hanoi. |
| 1535–1545 | Holy Roman Empire, Spanish Netherlands [crime and punishment] | After the failure of the revolution in Münster and the risings elsewhere, about 30,000 Anabaptists are executed in the Netherlands alone; the remainder follow the new pacifist Dutch prophet Menno Simons and cease to be a political force. |
| 24 August 1535 - 23 June 1537 | Spain, South America [exploration] | The Spanish conquistador Pedro de Mendoza leads an expedition, commissioned by the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, to La Plata (modern Argentina/Uruguay/Paraguay) in search of more Inca wealth. He founds temporary settlements on the sites of Buenos Aires, and then Asunción, but dies a failure on the return voyage (23 June 1537). |
| 1537 | Flanders [earth sciences] | The Flemish cartographers Gemma Frisius and Gerardus Mercator collaborate to produce a celestial globe, complementary to their terrestrial globe of the previous year. |
| 7 January 1537 | Florence, Italy, Holy Roman Empire [political events] | The tyrannical Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence, is assassinated by a distant relative; his cousin Cosimo I the Great de' Medici succeeds him when the city fails to take the opportunity to rebel against Medici rule. |
| March 1537 - March 1540 | England [political events] | The dissolution of the greater monasteries of England and Wales proceeds through inducement, coercion, and the trial and execution of abbots, directed by King Henry VIII's minister Thomas Cromwell. |
| 18 April 1537 | Spain, Inca Empire, Central America [colonization] | The Spanish expedition of Diego de Almagro, returning from the area of modern Chile, relieves Cuzco from its siege by the Quechua insurgents of the Inca leader Manco Inca, but then seizes the city from Hernando Pizarro, starting the civil wars between the conquistadors. |
| 12 October 1537 | England [political events] | Jane Seymour, the third wife of King Henry VIII of England, gives birth to Prince Edward, but dies 12 days later. |
| 2 December 1537 | Holy Roman Empire, Austria, Ottoman Empire, Hungary, Habsburg Monarchy [Habsburg–Ottoman Wars (1525–1718)] | An invasion army loyal to Archduke Ferdinand I of Austria, including German and Bohemian troops as well as Styrian, Carinthian, and Carniolan levies, is utterly defeated by Ottoman frontier forces at Valpó. |
