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1544| 1533–1545 | Dai Viet [political events] | Nguyen Kim restores the south of Dai Viet to the Le dynasty, governing from Hue. The usurping Mac family remains in control of the north from Hanoi. | | 1535–1545 | Holy Roman Empire, Spanish Netherlands [crime and punishment] | After the failure of the revolution in Münster and the risings elsewhere, about 30,000 Anabaptists are executed in the Netherlands alone; the remainder follow the new pacifist Dutch prophet Menno Simons and cease to be a political force. | | 1542–1549 | New Spain, Central America [colonization] | The Spanish conquistador leader Francisco de Montejo subdues bitter resistance by the Maya in the southern half of the Yucatán Peninsula in Central America. Their resistance causes him to abandon attempts to conquer the rest of the peninsula. | | 1544 | Germany [earth sciences] | German mineralogist Agricola (Georg Bauer) writes De ortu et causis subterraneis/On Subterranean Origin and Causes, a founding work in geology, identifying the erosive power of water, and the origin of mineral veins as depositions from solution. | | April 1544 | Holy Roman Empire, Denmark-Norway [political events] | In the Peace of Speyer, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V makes peace with Denmark-Norway, France's ally, by abandoning his support for the claim of his daughter-in-law Dorothea, wife of Frederick, Elector Palatine, to the Danish crown. | | 14 July 1544 | England, France, Holy Roman Empire [Habsburg–Valois Wars (1494–1559)] | King Henry VIII of England crosses to Calais, France, to campaign against King Francis I's forces in Picardy, in conjunction with the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V's invasion further east. | | 18 September 1544 | France, Holy Roman Empire, Naples, Italy, Spanish Netherlands, Burgundy, Savoy [treaties] | King Francis I of France and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V sign the Peace of Crépy, in France, by which their conquests since 1538 are restored to the former rulers (except for Guelders and Zutphen which are to remain with Charles); Francis surrenders his claims to Naples, Flanders, and Artois, and Charles surrenders his claim to the duchy of Burgundy; a Habsburg marriage is planned for Francis's second surviving son, Charles, with a dowry of Milan or the Netherlands and Franche-Comté; and the Duke of Savoy is to reoccupy all his lands. The English are excluded from the Peace; both rulers pledge an alliance against Protestantism. |
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