| 1533–1545 | Dai Viet [political events] | Nguyen Kim restores the south of Dai Viet to the Le dynasty, governing from Hue. The usurping Mac family remains in control of the north from Hanoi. |
| 1535–1545 | Holy Roman Empire, Spanish Netherlands [crime and punishment] | After the failure of the revolution in Münster and the risings elsewhere, about 30,000 Anabaptists are executed in the Netherlands alone; the remainder follow the new pacifist Dutch prophet Menno Simons and cease to be a political force. |
| 1542–1549 | New Spain, Central America [colonization] | The Spanish conquistador leader Francisco de Montejo subdues bitter resistance by the Maya in the southern half of the Yucatán Peninsula in Central America. Their resistance causes him to abandon attempts to conquer the rest of the peninsula. |
| 1545–1547 | Italy [Catholicism] | The first session of the Council of Trent is held in Trent, Italy. A council of the Roman Catholic Church, it is convened to formulate a response to the spread of Protestantism. Other sessions open in 1551 and 1562. |
| 1545 | South America, Central America [health and medicine] | A typhus epidemic in Spanish America kills around 500,000 people. |
| 1545 | Spain, Peru [natural resources] | An Aymara servant of the Spanish conquistador Diego Gualpa discovers great quantities of silver in a mountain at Potosí (modern Bolivia); mining begins and the surfeit of silver suddenly available to Spain promotes a ‘Price Revolution’ in Europe and speeds the onset of a world economy. |
| 1545 | Mexico, New Spain [plagues and epidemics] | A smallpox epidemic devastates Mexico's native people, killing 800,000. |
| 22 May 1545 | India, Mogul Empire [political events] | Sher Khan, conqueror of the Mogul ruler Humayun, is killed after a reign dominated by economic and administrative reform, at the siege of Kalinjar, on the road south from the River Ganges. |
| June - July 1545 | England, France [wars] | A French fleet under Admiral d'Annebault pursues the English under John Dudley, Viscount Lisle, Duke of Northumberland, from the Seine estuary into the Solent; though King Henry VIII of England's great flagship the Mary Rose keels over and sinks on her maiden voyage during a battle off Portsmouth, England, the French landings on the Isle of Wight fail and they retreat. |
| 9 September 1545 | France [political events] | Charles of Orléans, King Francis I of France's second surviving son, dies, ending the plans for a Habsburg–Valois marriage and consequent French hopes of gaining the Netherlands or Milan in accordance with the 1544 Peace of Crépy. |
| November 1545 | Austria, Ottoman Empire, Habsburg Monarchy, Holy Roman Empire, Persia, Safavid Empire [treaties] | Archduke Ferdinand I of Austria makes the Truce of Adrianople with the Ottoman sultan Suleiman I the Magnificent; he is thus able to aid his brother the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V against the German Protestant Schmalkaldic League, while Suleiman campaigns against the Safavid Empire. |
