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1553| 1550–1600 | North America, South America, Europe [trade] | New agricultural products are exchanged between the New and Old Worlds. The Spanish introduce potatoes, tomatoes, quinine, cocoa, tapioca, and tobacco to Europe. From Europe, the New World gains barley, oats, rye, sugar cane, cattle, pigs, poultry, rabbits, and horses. | | 1553 | Inca Empire [art] | Inca art comes to an end with the collapse of the Inca Empire in South America at the hands of Spanish conquistadors. The Inca produced a wide range of artefacts, including textiles, woven goods, painted pottery, and figurines and jewellery in gold and silver. Their major achievements were in architecture, ranging from ceremonial buildings such as pyramids and palaces, to an extensive system of canals, roads, and bridges. | | March 1553 | Holy Roman Empire [political events] | The League of Heidelberg is formed by both Catholic and Protestant princes, led by Maurice, Elector of Saxony, to preserve peace in Germany and prevent the threatened succession of Philip of Spain, son of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, as emperor. | | 21 May 1553 | England [political events] | The young king Edward VI of England, dying of tuberculosis, bestows the succession on his fellow Protestant, Lady Jane Grey, at the urging of her father-in-law John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland; the hereditary candidate, Mary Tudor, is Catholic. Dudley then marries his son Lord Guildford Dudley to Lady Jane Grey, the 15-year-old daughter of Henry, Duke of Suffolk, and great-niece of the late king Henry VIII of England; through placing them on the throne, he hopes to retain control of the kingdom. | | 10 July 1553 | England [political events] | Following the death of King Edward VI of England on 6 July, the Protestant Lady Jane Grey is unwillingly proclaimed queen of England by her father-in-law, the Duke of Northumberland, de facto regent for the late boy king. Mary Tudor, the heir apparent, a Catholic, flees Hunsdon, Hertfordshire, and, though assaulted in Protestant Cambridge, reaches Framlingham, Suffolk, and musters support. | | 14 July - 20 July 1553 | England [political events] | The Duke of Northumberland sets out in force to subdue Mary Tudor, the heir to the English throne, but she has popular and noble support in London, England, in addition to her gentry army in Suffolk. Lady Jane Grey's cause fails, she is deposed, and Mary is proclaimed queen on 19 July. Northumberland surrenders and is incarcerated. | | 8 August 1553 | England [Catholicism] | With the accession of Mary I to the throne of England, Roman Catholicism is restored in England and Roman Catholic bishops are reappointed. | | 13 December 1553 | France [births and deaths] | Henry IV, first Bourbon king of France 1589–1610, born in Pau, Béarn, France (–1610). |
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