1557| 1550–1600 | North America, South America, Europe [trade] | New agricultural products are exchanged between the New and Old Worlds. The Spanish introduce potatoes, tomatoes, quinine, cocoa, tapioca, and tobacco to Europe. From Europe, the New World gains barley, oats, rye, sugar cane, cattle, pigs, poultry, rabbits, and horses. | | 6 June 1557 | Portugal [political events] | Sebastian I, aged three, succeeds as king of Portugal on the death of his grandfather King John III; Sebastian's mother, Joanna of Austria, daughter of the former Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, acts as regent until 1562. | | 7 June 1557 | England, France, Spain, Papal States, Italy [Habsburg–Valois Wars (1494–1559)] | Queen Mary I of England declares war on France, the enemy of her husband King Philip II of Spain; Pope Paul IV deprives the liberal imperialist Cardinal Reginald Pole of his office as papal legate in England. | | September 1557 | Papal States, Italy, Holy Roman Empire, Spain [political events] | A Spanish army under Ferdinand, Duke of Alva (or Alba), advancing on Rome, forces the virulent Hispanophobe Pope Paul IV to make peace with King Philip II of Spain. |
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