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1558| 1550–1600 | North America, South America, Europe [trade] | New agricultural products are exchanged between the New and Old Worlds. The Spanish introduce potatoes, tomatoes, quinine, cocoa, tapioca, and tobacco to Europe. From Europe, the New World gains barley, oats, rye, sugar cane, cattle, pigs, poultry, rabbits, and horses. | | 1558 | England [statistics and demography] | The population of London, England, is around 200,000. | | 1558 | France, Italy [fiction] | L'Heptaméron/The Heptameron, written by the French patron and writer Margaret of Navarre (Marguerite d'Angoulême), is published posthumously. A collection of tales, it was inspired by the works of the Italian writer Giovanni Boccaccio. | | 1558 | Swiss Confederation [philosophy] | Scottish religious leader John Knox publishes The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstrous Regiment of Women in Geneva, Swiss Confederation. It is an attack on Mary of Guise (Mary of Lorraine). | | 7 January 1558 | France, England [political events] | French forces under Francis, Duke of Guise, capture Calais on the north French coast from England. Guines and Ham castles fall by the end of the month. The loss of Calais, the last English possession on the continent, is regarded as a national disaster in England, and support for the Hispanophile regime of Queen Mary I plummets. | | 21 September 1558 | Holy Roman Empire, Spain [births and deaths] | Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 1519–56, king of Spain as Charles I 1516–56, and archduke of Austria as Charles I 1519–21, dies in the monastery at San Jerónimo de Yuste, Spain (58). | | 17 November 1558 | England [births and deaths] | Mary I (‘Bloody Mary’), first reigning queen of England 1553–58, daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon, wife of Philip II of Spain, dies in London, England (42). | | 17 November 1558 | England [political events] | The death of Queen Mary I of England brings an end to the attempt to reconvert England to Roman Catholicism. Her Protestant half-sister Elizabeth I, daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, succeeds her. The Protestant exiles in Geneva, Zürich, and the German states begin to return to England. |
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