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1559| 1550–1600 | North America, South America, Europe [trade] | New agricultural products are exchanged between the New and Old Worlds. The Spanish introduce potatoes, tomatoes, quinine, cocoa, tapioca, and tobacco to Europe. From Europe, the New World gains barley, oats, rye, sugar cane, cattle, pigs, poultry, rabbits, and horses. | | 1559 | France [thought and scholarship] | The French religious reformer John Calvin publishes the definitive edition of his Institutes. The first edition appeared in 1536. | | 1559 | Rome [Catholicism] | The Italian churchman Giovanni Angelo Medici is elected Pope Pius IV. He is pope until 1565. | | 1559 | France [Christianity] | Protestants at the First National Synod in Paris, France, issue the Gallican Confession, a Calvinist confession of faith. | | 1559 | Germany [historical study] | German theologian Flacius (Matthias Vlacich) publishes the first volume of his Ecclesiastica historia/Ecclesiastical History, a history of the church often known as the Magdaburg Centuries. The last volume appears in 1574. | | 1559 | Netherlands [painting] | The Dutch artist Pieter Breughel paints Netherlandish Proverbs and Battle Between Carnival and Lent. | | 2 April - 3 April 1559 | Spain, France, England, Scotland, Savoy, Holy Roman Empire, Italy [treaties] | England and Spain sign the peace treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis with France. Calais is to remain French for eight years, and then revert to England (or France will be liable to pay half a million crowns), provided that England makes no aggression on Scotland, France's protectorate. France restores Savoy (except Saluzzo) to its duke, the governor of the Netherlands, Emmanuel Philibert, and confirms King Philip II of Spain as ruler of Franche-Comté; the Lorraine bishoprics of Metz, Toul, and Verdun remain French. | | 10 July 1559 | France, England [political events] | Following the death of King Henry II of France, his sickly son, Francis II, succeeds him, but Francis, duke of Guise, and his brother Charles, cardinal of Lorraine, hold the real power. They promote the claim of Francis's wife, Mary Queen of Scots, to the throne of England. | | 21 October 1559 | Scotland [political events] | The Scottish Protestant Lords of the Congregation, led by James Hamilton, Earl of Arran, Duke of Châtelherault, and heir presumptive, depose the Scottish regent Mary of Guise in Edinburgh; she has allowed French reinforcements to fortify Leith. | | 25 December 1559 | Papal States, Italy [political events] | The conclave elects Giovanni Medici as Pope Pius IV, after the death on 18 October of Pope Paul IV. |
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