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1560| 1550–1600 | North America, South America, Europe [trade] | New agricultural products are exchanged between the New and Old Worlds. The Spanish introduce potatoes, tomatoes, quinine, cocoa, tapioca, and tobacco to Europe. From Europe, the New World gains barley, oats, rye, sugar cane, cattle, pigs, poultry, rabbits, and horses. | | 1560–1562 | France [political events] | After the ‘Tumult of Amboise’ of 17 March 1560 (the defeat of a Huguenot conspiracy to rescue King Francis II of France from the domination of the Catholic Guise faction), religious agitation in France reaches such a pitch that outbreaks of violence are frequent and civil war becomes an increasingly likely prospect. | | 1560 | Naples, Italy [scientific institutions and societies] | The first scientific society, Accademia Secretorum Naturae (Secret Academy of Nature) is founded in Naples, Italy, by Italian scientist and mystic Giambattista della Porta. | | 1560 | France [poetry] | French poet Pierre de Ronsard publishes Les Discours/Discourses, poems about the French wars of religion. | | 6 July 1560 | England, France, Scotland [treaties] | The French forces in Scotland surrender under the Treaty of Edinburgh; England and France both pledge noninterference in Scottish affairs and agree to evacuate the kingdom. The government is to be a council of regents, five chosen by parliament and five by Mary Queen of Scots, who will not use the arms and style ‘of England’. | | 29 September 1560 | Sweden [political events] | Eric XIV succeeds as king of Sweden on death of Gustavus I Vasa; his half-brothers John and Karl gain autonomy in their duchies. | | 5 December 1560 | France [political events] | Following the death of King Francis II of France, he is succeeded by his ten-year-old brother, Charles IX. Their mother, Catherine de' Medici, becomes regent and foils the triumvirate of Francis, duke of Guise, Anne, duke of Montmorency, and Jacques d'Albon, seigneur de St André, when she pursues a policy of religious conciliation. |
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