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1561| 1550–1600 | North America, South America, Europe [trade] | New agricultural products are exchanged between the New and Old Worlds. The Spanish introduce potatoes, tomatoes, quinine, cocoa, tapioca, and tobacco to Europe. From Europe, the New World gains barley, oats, rye, sugar cane, cattle, pigs, poultry, rabbits, and horses. | | 1560–1562 | France [political events] | After the ‘Tumult of Amboise’ of 17 March 1560 (the defeat of a Huguenot conspiracy to rescue King Francis II of France from the domination of the Catholic Guise faction), religious agitation in France reaches such a pitch that outbreaks of violence are frequent and civil war becomes an increasingly likely prospect. | | 1561 | France [Christianity] | The Colloquy of Poissy, a conference in France between French Roman Catholic bishops and Protestant leaders, is held to try to reach agreement on shared principles. It prepares the way for the Edict of St Germain in 1562. | | 1561 | England [literature and language] | Il libro del cortegiano/The Book of the Courtier, written in 1528 by the Italian diplomat Baldassare Castiglione, is translated into English by the English scholar Thomas Moby. | | 1561 | England [plays] | The play Gorboduc by the English dramatists Thomas Norton and Thomas Sackville, Lord Buckhurst, is first performed, in London, England. The earliest English tragedy in blank verse, it was published in 1565. | | 22 January 1561 | England [births and deaths] | Sir Francis Bacon, Viscount St Albans, Baron Verulam, lord chancellor of England 1618–21, philosopher, and man of letters, whose best-known works are Novum organum/New Engine and Essays, born in London, England (–1626). | | 28 November 1561 | Livonia, Poland-Lithuania [political events] | In the Union of Wilno (present-day Vilnius), the last Master of the Teutonic Order (a German Christian military order) in Livonia, Gotthard Kettler, becomes the secular Duke of Courland and Senigallia and vassal of King Sigismund II Augustus of Poland. The Order's lands north of the Dvina River, largely occupied by Russia, Sweden, and Denmark-Norway, he cedes directly to Sigismund's other principality, Lithuania. |
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