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1563| 1550–1600 | North America, South America, Europe [trade] | New agricultural products are exchanged between the New and Old Worlds. The Spanish introduce potatoes, tomatoes, quinine, cocoa, tapioca, and tobacco to Europe. From Europe, the New World gains barley, oats, rye, sugar cane, cattle, pigs, poultry, rabbits, and horses. | | 1562–1563 | England, Africa, New Spain [slavery] | The English navigator John Hawkins leads the first English slave-trading expedition to the Caribbean, via Guinea, Africa. | | 1562–1563 | Italy [Christianity] | The third and last session of the Council of Trent is held in Trento in Italy. The first session was opened in 1545. The Council of Trent has a major impact on the Catholic Church, introducing reforms, defining doctrine, and setting out strategies for fighting the spread of Protestantism. | | 1563 | Europe [health and medicine] | Italian physician and anatomist Gabriele Falloppio invents the condom, made of pig intestine, as a means to prevent the spread of syphilis. He describes his design in De morbo Gallico/On the French Disease. | | 1563 | England [historical study] | The English religious writer John Foxe publishes Acts and Monuments, a history of the persecution of reformers. It is soon known as Foxe's Book of Martyrs. | | 1563 | Netherlands [painting] | The Dutch artist Pieter Breughel paints The Tower of Babel. | | 24 February 1563 | France [French Wars of Religion (1562–80)] | Francis, Duke of Guise and Aumale, Prince of Joinville, Lieutenant General of the Kingdom and leader of the Catholic forces in France, is assassinated by a Huguenot (French Protestant) while besieging the Huguenot stronghold of Orléans, France. | | 19 March 1563 | France, England [French Wars of Religion (1562–80)] | The captive Louis I de Bourbon, Protestant Prince of Condé, agrees to the Pacification of Amboise ending the First War of Religion in France; the Huguenots (French Protestants) are permitted to exercise their religion in one town in each Baillage or Sénéchaussée, excepting Paris, and in noble households. Anne, Duke of Montmorency, is released by the Pacification and leads the forces that expel English troops from Le Havre. | | May 1563 | Russia, Poland-Lithuania [wars] | The Russian tsar Ivan IV (‘the Terrible’) seizes the town and territory of Polotsk along the Dvina River in Lithuania, on the borders of King Sigismund II Augustus of Poland's recent acquisitions in Livonia. War follows. | | September 1563 | Sweden, Denmark-Norway, Holy Roman Empire, Germany [wars] | The ‘War of the Three Crowns’ opens with an assault by King Frederick II of Denmark and Norway's army under Daniel Rantzau on Elfsborg (present-day Gothenburg), the fortified port on the Kattegat, Sweden's only outlet to the west. This is a territorial war, aimed also at the deposition of Erik XIV, the deranged king of Sweden. |
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