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1564| 1550–1600 | North America, South America, Europe [trade] | New agricultural products are exchanged between the New and Old Worlds. The Spanish introduce potatoes, tomatoes, quinine, cocoa, tapioca, and tobacco to Europe. From Europe, the New World gains barley, oats, rye, sugar cane, cattle, pigs, poultry, rabbits, and horses. | | 1564 | Italy [sculpture] | The Italian artist Michelangelo (Buonarroti) sculpts The Rondanini Pietà. | | February 1564 | England [births and deaths] | Christopher Marlowe, Elizabethan poet and dramatist who established blank verse as a dramatic medium in plays such as Dr Faustus and Tamburlaine the Great, born in Canterbury, Kent, England (–1593). | | 15 February 1564 | Italy [births and deaths] | Galileo Galilei, Italian mathematician, physicist and astronomer, who developed the astronomical telescope, born in Pisa, Italy (–1642). | | 18 February 1564 | Rome [births and deaths] | Michelangelo (di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni), Italian Renaissance sculptor, painter, and architect, also poet, whose best-known works include the fresco The Last Judgement (1534–41) and the sculptures Pietà (c. 1500) and David (1504), dies in Rome, Italy (89). | | 11 April 1564 | England, France [treaties] | After nine months of issuing empty threats, following the surrender of Le Havre, Queen Elizabeth I of England capitulates to French demands in the Treaty of Troyes; she renounces her claim to Calais for 120,000 crowns. | | 26 April 1564 | England [births and deaths] | William Shakespeare, English dramatist and poet, often considered the greatest playwright in history, baptized in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, England (–1616). | | 27 May 1564 | Swiss Confederation, France [births and deaths] | John Calvin (French: Jean Calvin or Cauvin), leading French Protestant Reformer, whose doctrines are expressed in his Institutio Christianae religionis/Institutes of the Christian Religion, dies in Geneva, Swiss Confederation (54). | | 25 July 1564 | Holy Roman Empire [political events] | The Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I dies; his eldest son, the Protestant sympathizer Maximilian II, already king of Bohemia and Hungary, succeeds as Holy Roman Emperor and archduke of Austria. However, Ferdinand's will grants his younger sons, the archdukes Ferdinand and Charles, the Swabian territories, the Vorarlberg, and Tirol, and the provinces of Styria, Carinthia, and Carniola respectively. | | 24 November 1564 | Papal States [religious freedom] | The Index librorum prohibitorum/Index of Prohibited Books of the Roman Catholic Church is published after receiving papal approval. It was first issued in 1559. |
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