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1577| 1550–1600 | North America, South America, Europe [trade] | New agricultural products are exchanged between the New and Old Worlds. The Spanish introduce potatoes, tomatoes, quinine, cocoa, tapioca, and tobacco to Europe. From Europe, the New World gains barley, oats, rye, sugar cane, cattle, pigs, poultry, rabbits, and horses. | | 12 February 1577 | Holy Roman Empire, Spanish Netherlands [Dutch Revolt (1598–1609)] | Don John of Austria, the new Habsburg governor of the Spanish Netherlands, issues the Perpetual Edict to settle the civil war – without consulting the Dutch stadtholder (provincial executive officer) William the Silent, Prince of Orange, or the rebel provinces of Holland and Zeeland; all Spanish troops are to leave, the states are to pay the wage arrears of the loyal Netherlandish and German troops, and the liberties and prerogatives of the Dutch communities are to be restored. | | 17 September 1577 | France [French Wars of Religion (1562–80)] | By the Edict of Poitiers, King Henry III of France proclaims the Peace of Bergerac, ending the Sixth War of Religion. The Huguenots (French Protestants), negotiating from a position of weakness, are required to relinquish some concessions granted in the Peace of Monsieur of 6 May 1576: most importantly, their freedom of worship is now restricted to towns legitimately held heretofore. | | 22 October 1577 | Holy Roman Empire, Spanish Netherlands [Dutch Revolt (1598–1609)] | The Habsburg archduke Matthias, brother of the Holy Roman Emperor Rudolph II, arrives in Brabant, the Netherlands, secretly invited to be governor by the Council of State legitimist faction of Philippe de Croy, Duke of Aerschot. William the Silent, Prince of Orange, is appointed Ruwaard (governor) by the States-General in Brussels by popular pressure. He restores the liberties of the city of Ghent, abolished in 1540. | | 15 November 1577 - 30 November 1580 | England, Central America, South America [exploration] | The English buccaneer and explorer Francis Drake leads his expedition on the Pelican (later renamed the Golden Hind) round the world, via Cape Horn, to attack Spanish settlements and shipping along the American Pacific coast and to search for the fabled South Sea continent and the Northwest Passage. |
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