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1578| 1550–1600 | North America, South America, Europe [trade] | New agricultural products are exchanged between the New and Old Worlds. The Spanish introduce potatoes, tomatoes, quinine, cocoa, tapioca, and tobacco to Europe. From Europe, the New World gains barley, oats, rye, sugar cane, cattle, pigs, poultry, rabbits, and horses. | | 15 November 1577 - 30 November 1580 | England, Central America, South America [exploration] | The English buccaneer and explorer Francis Drake leads his expedition on the Pelican (later renamed the Golden Hind) round the world, via Cape Horn, to attack Spanish settlements and shipping along the American Pacific coast and to search for the fabled South Sea continent and the Northwest Passage. | | 1578 | France [poetry] | The French poet Pierre de Ronsard publishes his poetry collection Sonnets pour Hélène/Sonnets for Hélène. | | August 1578 | Ottoman Empire, Persia, Safavid Empire, Georgia [Ottoman–Persian Wars (1548–1743)] | Ottoman armies under Mustafa Pasha defeat the Georgian allies of the disordered Safavid Persian Empire, nominally ruled by Shah Muhammad Kudabanda, at Lake Çildir, and take the Georgian capital Tiflis (modern Tbilisi). | | 4 August 1578 | North Africa, Portugal, Morocco [wars] | King Sebastian I of Portugal and Al Mutawakkil, his candidate for the throne of Morocco, invading Morocco on a crusade, are drowned after his forces are routed near Alcazarquivir (Ksar el Kebir) in the Battle of the Three Kings by the army of the sultan of Morocco, Abd-al-Malik (who dies the next day). Sebastian's uncle, Cardinal Henry, aged 67, succeeds as king of Portugal. | | 1 October 1578 | Spanish Netherlands [births and deaths] | Don John of Austria, illegitimate son of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and half-brother of King Philip II of Spain, who defeated the Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Lepanto (1571), dies at Bouges, near Namur, Spanish Netherlands (31). |
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