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1580| 1550–1600 | North America, South America, Europe [trade] | New agricultural products are exchanged between the New and Old Worlds. The Spanish introduce potatoes, tomatoes, quinine, cocoa, tapioca, and tobacco to Europe. From Europe, the New World gains barley, oats, rye, sugar cane, cattle, pigs, poultry, rabbits, and horses. | | 15 November 1577 - 30 November 1580 | England, Central America, South America [exploration] | The English buccaneer and explorer Francis Drake leads his expedition on the Pelican (later renamed the Golden Hind) round the world, via Cape Horn, to attack Spanish settlements and shipping along the American Pacific coast and to search for the fabled South Sea continent and the Northwest Passage. | | c. 1580 | Spain [agriculture] | Cocoa, imported from the New World, becomes a popular drink in Spain. | | 1580 | France [literature and language] | French writer Michel de Montaigne publishes Essais/Essays, a two-volume collection of his essays. Covering a wide range of subjects, personal as well as scholarly, these reflections help to create a new literary form, the essay. A second edition appears in 1588. | | c. 1580 | Spain [painting] | The Greek-born Spanish artist El Greco (Domenikos Theotokopoulos) paints The Adoration of the Name of Jesus (The Dream of Philip II). | | 1580 | England [Christianity] | The English religious leader Robert Browne founds the first English Separatist congregation, in Norwich, England, in defiance of the established church. | | 6 January 1580 | England [births and deaths] | John Smith, English explorer who founded Jamestown, Virginia, the first permanent English settlement in North America, born in Lincolnshire, England (–1631). | | 31 January 1580 | Portugal, Spain [political events] | Cardinal Henry, King of Portugal, dies, leaving the succession disputed between King Philip II of Spain (as grandson of Manuel I), the Duke of Braganza, and Dom Antonio, Prior of Crato. A propaganda war between Dom Antonio and Philip ensues. | | April 1580 | France [French Wars of Religion (1562–80)] | Widespread confused and localized fighting flares into the Seventh War of Religion in France. The Huguenot (French Protestant) leader King Henry of Navarre takes the town of Cahors after four days of heavy street fighting. | | 10 June 1580 | Portugal [births and deaths] | Luís Vaz de Camões, national poet of Portugal, whose best-known work is Os lusíadas/The Lusiads (1572), dies in Lisbon (c. 56). | | 26 November 1580 | France [treaties] | The Peace of Fleix ends the Seventh War of Religion in France, renewing the terms of the Peace of Bergerac of September 1577. Sporadic and local hostilities continue. |
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