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1581| 1550–1600 | North America, South America, Europe [trade] | New agricultural products are exchanged between the New and Old Worlds. The Spanish introduce potatoes, tomatoes, quinine, cocoa, tapioca, and tobacco to Europe. From Europe, the New World gains barley, oats, rye, sugar cane, cattle, pigs, poultry, rabbits, and horses. | | 1581 | France [dances] | At the French court, the ballet Ballet comique de la reigne/The Queen's Comic Ballet by the French choreographer Baltasar de Beaujoyeux is first performed. It is the earliest surviving ballet complete with music. It was commissioned by Catherine de' Medici, who played one of the roles. | | 1581 | Italy [poetry] | The Italian poet Torquato Tasso publishes Gerusalemme liberata/Jerusalem Liberated, an epic poem set during the First Crusade. | | 1 April 1581 | Spain, Portugal [political events] | King Philip II of Spain and I of Portugal promises the Cortes (parliament) at Thomar that he will uphold Portuguese liberties and laws and administer the kingdom through the Portuguese civil service. Apart from the abolition of customs tolls on the Castilian border, Portugal and its colonies remain autonomous. | | 22 July 1581 | United Netherlands, Holy Roman Empire [Dutch Revolt (1598–1609)] | The United Netherlands depose King Philip II of Spain as sovereign of the Netherlands in the Act of Abjuration (published 26 July). |
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