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1582| 1550–1600 | North America, South America, Europe [trade] | New agricultural products are exchanged between the New and Old Worlds. The Spanish introduce potatoes, tomatoes, quinine, cocoa, tapioca, and tobacco to Europe. From Europe, the New World gains barley, oats, rye, sugar cane, cattle, pigs, poultry, rabbits, and horses. | | 1582 | Europe [law and government] | Pope Gregory XIII introduces the Gregorian Calendar, correcting errors in the Julian Calendar. 5 October 1582 becomes 15 October 1582 and the new year is confirmed as starting on 1 January. Protestant countries will retain the Julian calendar until the beginning of the 18th century. | | 15 January 1582 | Russia, Poland-Lithuania, Livonia [wars] | The Russian tsar Ivan IV (‘the Terrible’) and King Stephen I Báthory of Poland agree the Truce of Yam-Zapolski, mediated by Pope Gregory XIII. Ivan concedes defeat in the Livonian War, abandoning Livonia and Polotsk to Poland in return for Polish-Lithuanian withdrawal from Velikiye Luki. | | 21 June - 30 June 1582 | Japan [political events] | The forces of Akechi Mitsuhide undertake a treacherous assault on the lodgings of the Japanese military leader Oda Nobunaga, unifier of central Japan (southern Honshu), in the Honnoji monastery in Kyoto, resulting in the death of Oda Nobunaga. Mitsuhide hesitates after taking other strongholds, and, on 30 June, the forces of the military leader Hideyoshi (later known as Toyotomi Hideyoshi) defeat and kill him at Yamazaki. | | 21 June 1582 | Japan [births and deaths] | Oda Nobunaga, the Japanese dictator who overthrew the Ashikaga shogunate, ended feudal wars, and unified more than half of Japan, is wounded in battle and dies in Kyoto, Japan (c. 48). |
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