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1583| 1550–1600 | North America, South America, Europe [trade] | New agricultural products are exchanged between the New and Old Worlds. The Spanish introduce potatoes, tomatoes, quinine, cocoa, tapioca, and tobacco to Europe. From Europe, the New World gains barley, oats, rye, sugar cane, cattle, pigs, poultry, rabbits, and horses. | | 1583 | Spain [palaces] | The Escorial, a palace and monastery complex near Madrid, Spain, is completed. Built on the orders of King Philip II of Spain, the Escorial was designed by the Spanish architect Juan de Herrera. | | 1583 | Spain [religious music] | The Spanish composer Tomás Luis de Victoria publishes his first Requiem. | | 5 January - 17 January 1583 | France, Spanish Netherlands [wars] | French forces trying to enforce the authority of Francis, Duke of Anjou, in the Spanish Netherlands by coup de main seize Dunkirk, Ostend, Diksmuide, Aalst, Dendermonde, and Vilvoorde, but fail in two attempts on Bruges and Antwerp (17 January), in the ‘French Fury’. | | July - October 1583 | United Netherlands, Spanish Netherlands, Holy Roman Empire [Dutch Revolt (1598–1609)] | The Spanish forces of the Habsburg governor of the Netherlands Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma, now numbering some 60,000, retake the Flemish coast south of Ostend and on the Scheldt estuary, capturing the towns of Dunkirk, Ostend, Hulst, and Axel from the United Netherlands forces. |
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