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1584| 1550–1600 | North America, South America, Europe [trade] | New agricultural products are exchanged between the New and Old Worlds. The Spanish introduce potatoes, tomatoes, quinine, cocoa, tapioca, and tobacco to Europe. From Europe, the New World gains barley, oats, rye, sugar cane, cattle, pigs, poultry, rabbits, and horses. | | 1584 | Flanders [religious music] | The Flemish composer Orlando di Lasso completes his Psalmi Davidis Penitentiales/Penitential Psalms. | | 1584 | England [agriculture] | Sir John Hawkins introduces tobacco into England, although there are a number of other claimants, including Sir Walter Raleigh. | | 1584 | Italy, Holy Roman Empire [civic and commercial buildings] | The Teatro Olimpico, in Vicenza, Italy, is completed to a design by the Italian architect Andrea Palladio. This is the first permanent, purpose-built theatre in Italy since those of ancient Rome. | | 1584 | Italy [philosophy] | Italian philosopher Giordano Bruno publishes La cena de le Ceneri/The Ash Wednesday Supper, in which he argues in favour of the Copernican system, De l'infinito universo e mondi/On the Infinite Universe and Worlds, the central statement of his belief in an infinite universe animated by a ‘world soul’, and Spaccio della bestia trionffante/Banishment of the Triumphant Beast, an ethical treatise dedicated to the English poet Philip Sidney. | | 1584 | Europe [political events] | The Gregorian calendar is adopted throughout Catholic Europe by 1584; the date advances by ten days. | | 1584 | Japan, Spain, Portugal [political events] | While the Japanese military leader Hideyoshi (known as Toyotomi Hideyoshi from 1585) is defeating a rebellion by his chief lieutenant Tokugawa Ieyasu, a Spanish galleon from Manila in the Philippines reaches Hirado, breaking the Portuguese monopoly of European-Japanese trade. | | 18 March 1584 | Russia [political events] | When the Russian tsar Ivan IV (‘the Terrible’) dies and is succeeded by his feeble-minded son Fyodor I as ‘Tsar of All the Russias’, Russia is governed by a regency council dominated by his brother-in-law Boris Godunov. Fyodor is to be the last tsar of the Rurikid dynasty. | | 18 March 1584 | Russia [births and deaths] | Ivan IV (‘the Terrible’), grand prince of Moscow (1533–84), tsar of Russia (1547–84), who waged war with Sweden and Livonia, and who is noted for executing at least 3,000 noblemen and boyars, dies in Moscow, Russia (53). |
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