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1591| 1550–1600 | North America, South America, Europe [trade] | New agricultural products are exchanged between the New and Old Worlds. The Spanish introduce potatoes, tomatoes, quinine, cocoa, tapioca, and tobacco to Europe. From Europe, the New World gains barley, oats, rye, sugar cane, cattle, pigs, poultry, rabbits, and horses. | | 1590–1600 | China, Ming Empire [wars] | The Chinese warlord Yang Yinglong maintains his rebellion against Ming imperial forces in the Huguang–Sichuan–Guizhou border region of China until veterans of the war in Choson (modern Korea) under Li Hualong annihilate the insurgents. | | 1591 | England [sports] | The Privy Council orders all theatres in England to be closed on Thursdays because bear baitings generally take place on Thursdays and actors cannot be allowed to prejudice such entertainments by their competition. | | 1591 | Rome [Catholicism] | The Italian churchman Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti is elected Pope Innocent IX. He is pope for only two months. | | 1591 | [maths] | The French mathematician François Viète writes In artem analyticam isagoge/Introduction to the analytical arts, in which he uses letters of the alphabet (x and y are now standard) to represent unknown quantities. Before this, equations had been written out in long descriptive sentences. | | 1591 | England [poetry] | Astrophel and Stella, a sonnet sequence by the English poet Philip Sidney, is published posthumously. It was probably written in the early 1580s. | | 15 May 1591 | Russia [political events] | Dmitri, son of the late Russian tsar Ivan IV (‘the Terrible’), brother and heir of Fyodor I, dies in mysterious circumstances. His throat is cut by a group of mercenaries, and there are rumours that the deed was carried out on behalf of Boris Gudonov, a powerful aristocrat, but no arrests are made. False Dmitris will plague Russia for 20 years. | | 29 October 1591 | Papal States, Italy [political events] | Antonio Facchinetti is elected Pope Innocent IX, following the death of Gregory XIV on 16 October. |
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