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16 April| 16 April 1346 | Serbia [administration] | King Stephen Dušan IV of Serbia is crowned emperor of the Serbs and Greeks in Skopje, Serbia. | | 16 April 1689 | England [births and deaths] | Aphra Behn (maiden name unknown), English dramatist, novelist and poet, the first Englishwoman to earn her living by writing, whose works include The Rover (1678) and Oroonoko (1688), dies in London, England (48). | | 16 April 1746 | UK [wars] | The Jacobite army under Prince Charles Edward Stuart (‘Bonnie Prince Charlie’), the ‘Young Pretender’, is totally defeated in the Battle of Culloden in Scotland by the English military commander William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, who subsequently abolishes the Scottish clan organization. He earns the nickname ‘Butcher’ for his ruthlessness in hunting down the Jacobite rebels. Stuart escapes from the aftermath of the battle. | | 16 April 1828 | Spain, France [births and deaths] | Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes, Spanish painter and engraver known for his depiction of contemporary events, dies in Bordeaux, France (81). | | 16 April 1867 | USA [births and deaths] | Wilbur Wright, US pioneer of aviation who, with his brother Orville, is the first to achieve sustained powered flight, born near Millville, Indiana (–1912). | | 16 April 1889 | England, USA [births and deaths] | Charlie Chaplin, British-born US actor and director of the silent film era, who gains fame playing a pathetic but humorous character, born in London, England (–1977). | | 16 April–9 May 1917 | France [World War I (1914–18)] | The French commander General Robert Nivelle launches the ‘Chemin des Dames’ offensive (or Second Battle of the Aisne) along the River Aisne. The French forces make tiny advances at heavy cost. | | 16 April 1922 | Germany, RUSSIA [treaties] | By the Rapallo Treaty between Germany and Russia, Germany recognizes Russia as ‘a great power’ and both sides waive World War I reparations claims; the treaty leads to the resumption of diplomatic and trade relations and to cooperation between the two countries' armies. | | 16 April 1922 | [births and deaths] | Kingsley Amis, English writer, born in London, England (–1995). | | 16 April 1976 | India, Pakistan [diplomacy] | India and Pakistan normalize diplomatic relations for the first time since the 1971 war over the independence of East Pakistan as Bangladesh. | | 16 April 1998 | USA [energy] | US scientists at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory develop a solar cell that can split water into hydrogen and oxygen. It is seen as a breakthrough in the generation of alternative fuels. |
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