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1609| 1606–1657 | Ottoman Empire, Habsburg Monarchy, Hungary, Transylvania [treaties] | The 1606 peace treaties between the Habsburg and Ottoman empires lead to half a century of peace and stability in Hungary; no major campaigns are fought between the two, though frontier skirmishes and raids are endemic, and Transylvania develops into a rich regional power. | | 1607–1700 | North America, UK [food and drink] | Fruits introduced to the North American colonies from England include apples, which adapt well in New England, and peaches, which grow easily in Virginia and other warmer regions. Native vegetables like pumpkins, squash, and beans are favoured over European vegetables. | | 1609 | England [music] | The English composer Orlando Gibbons publishes Fantazies of Three Parts for viols, possibly the first example of engraved music in England. | | 1609 | England [poetry] | The Sonnets of English dramatist William Shakespeare are published. Most were written before 1600. | | 1609 | Italy [astronomy] | Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei, having obtained a Dutch telescope, makes his own instruments, including one that magnifies objects 32 times. They are the first telescopes that can be used for astronomical observation. | | 1609 | Germany [astronomy] | The German astronomer Johannes Kepler publishes his Astronomia nova/New Astronomy, which describes the orbit of Mars accurately and includes his first two laws of planetary motion which state that all planets move in elliptical orbits around the Sun, and that they sweep out equal areas in equal times. | | September 1609 | Russia, Sweden, Poland [wars] | King Sigismund III Vasa of Poland declares war on Russia, following Tsar Vasily IV Shuysky's alliance with Sweden earlier in the year, and supports his son Wladyslaw's claim to the Russian throne. Polish forces under Jan Karol Chodkiewicz, Hetman (general commander), relieve Riga, Livonia (modern Latvia), from a siege by King Charles IX of Sweden as Sigismund III leads a siege of Smolensk, Russia. | | 22 September 1609 | Habsburg Monarchy, Spain, North Africa [political events] | The Duke of Lerma, chief minister of King Philip III of Spain, orders the expulsion of the Moriscos (Muslims forcibly converted to Christianity), many of whom have continued to practice Islam; some 300,000 are made refugees to the Maghreb during the next five years. |
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