| 1606–1657 | Ottoman Empire, Habsburg Monarchy, Hungary, Transylvania [treaties] | The 1606 peace treaties between the Habsburg and Ottoman empires lead to half a century of peace and stability in Hungary; no major campaigns are fought between the two, though frontier skirmishes and raids are endemic, and Transylvania develops into a rich regional power. |
| 1607–1700 | North America, UK [food and drink] | Fruits introduced to the North American colonies from England include apples, which adapt well in New England, and peaches, which grow easily in Virginia and other warmer regions. Native vegetables like pumpkins, squash, and beans are favoured over European vegetables. |
| 1610 | France [chemistry] | French chemist Jean Beguin publishes Tyrocinium chymicum/An introduction to chemistry, the first textbook on chemistry rather than alchemy. |
| 1610 | Europe [dances] | Dances that originated in the Spanish colonies in Central America find their way into Europe via Spain. They include the sarabande, originally a very suggestive dance that was considered obscene in Spain but that was changed to a stately slow dance popular in France. |
| c. 1610 | Europe [agriculture] | Tea is introduced into Europe, by a Dutch East India Company ship returning from Macau, China. |
| 1610 | Italy [astronomy] | The Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei publishes Sidereus nuncius/The Starry Messenger, revealing his telescopic discoveries, including the moons of Jupiter, the phases of Venus, sunspots, and the curious shape of Saturn. |
| 1610 | Netherlands [religion] | The Dutch theologian Jacobus Arminius issues the Remonstrance of 1610, setting out his belief that free will is compatible with the sovereignty of God. This view, which becomes known as Arminianism or the Arminian heresy, is condemned by the Synod of Dort (an assembly of the Dutch Reformed Church) in 1619. |
| 17 April 1610 - 22 June 1611 | UK, North America [exploration] | The English explorer Henry Hudson, jointly commissioned by the Muscovy and East India Companies to discover a Northwest Passage to the Pacific, explores Hudson Bay, North America, but is cast adrift by a mutinous crew after the voyage becomes aimless. |
| 14 May 1610 | France [political events] | François Ravaillac, a Catholic fanatic in the pay of Jean Louis de la Nogaret de la Valette, Duke of Epernon, assassinates King Henry IV of France, who is succeeded by his nine-year-old son Louis XIII, with Marie de' Medici, the queen mother, as regent. The projected war with the Habsburgs is forgotten. |
| 14 May 1610 | France [births and deaths] | Henry IV, first Bourbon king of France 1589–1610, dies in Paris, France (56). |
| 18 July 1610 | Tuscany [births and deaths] | Caravaggio (real name Michelangelo Merisi), outstanding Italian baroque painter, whose major works include The Supper at Emmaus (1596–98) and Death of the Virgin (1605–06), dies in Porto Ercole, Tuscany, Italy (c. 37). |
| 19 July 1610 | Russia, Sweden, Poland [political events] | The Russian tsar Vasily IV Shuysky is deposed by the Muscovites, following the defeat of his Swedish allies by the Poles. The conservative boyars (nobles), fearing the rule of the second ‘false Dmitri’, offer the throne to Wladyslaw, son of King Sigismund III Vasa of Poland. |
| October 1610 | Russia, Poland [wars] | King Sigismund III Vasa of Poland decides on personal control of Russia and continues his war on the boyar (noble) council in Moscow and his son Wladyslaw, whom they have installed as tsar. |
