| 1606–1657 | Ottoman Empire, Habsburg Monarchy, Hungary, Transylvania [treaties] | The 1606 peace treaties between the Habsburg and Ottoman empires lead to half a century of peace and stability in Hungary; no major campaigns are fought between the two, though frontier skirmishes and raids are endemic, and Transylvania develops into a rich regional power. |
| 1607–1700 | North America, UK [food and drink] | Fruits introduced to the North American colonies from England include apples, which adapt well in New England, and peaches, which grow easily in Virginia and other warmer regions. Native vegetables like pumpkins, squash, and beans are favoured over European vegetables. |
| 17 April 1610 - 22 June 1611 | UK, North America [exploration] | The English explorer Henry Hudson, jointly commissioned by the Muscovy and East India Companies to discover a Northwest Passage to the Pacific, explores Hudson Bay, North America, but is cast adrift by a mutinous crew after the voyage becomes aimless. |
| 1611 | UK, Mogul Empire, India [trade] | The first permanent British East India Company outpost ‘factory’ (trading station) in India is established on the east coast at Masulipatam (modern Machilipatnam), in the sultanate of Golconda. |
| 1611 | Flanders [painting] | The Flemish artist Peter Paul Rubens paints The Raising of the Cross. |
| 1611 | Germany [astronomy] | The German astronomer Johannes Kepler publishes his Dioptrice/On Refraction, describing his investigations of light and optics. |
| 1611 | Germany [astronomy] | The German astronomer Simon Marius is the first to observe the Andromeda Nebula. He also discovers the four moons of Jupiter independently of Galileo, and names them Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. |
| 4 April 1611 | Denmark-Norway, Sweden [wars] | King Christian IV of Denmark forces the Riksråd (parliament) to declare war on Sweden (the War of Kalmar), hoping to reconquer the country. Danish forces take the Swedish port of Kalmar and the mouth of the Göta River the following month. |
| 11 September 1611 | France [births and deaths] | Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne, French military leader, marshal of France 1643–68, born in Sedan, France (–1675). |
| December 1611 | Sweden [political events] | The Swedish Riksdag (parliament), meeting at Nyköping, is able to extract concessions as the price of electing Gustavus II (Gustavus Adolphus), son of Charles IX, King of Sweden. Charles's brother John, Duke of Östergötland, abjures the throne. The new king appoints Axel Oxenstjerna as chancellor. |
