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1620| 1606–1657 | Ottoman Empire, Habsburg Monarchy, Hungary, Transylvania [treaties] | The 1606 peace treaties between the Habsburg and Ottoman empires lead to half a century of peace and stability in Hungary; no major campaigns are fought between the two, though frontier skirmishes and raids are endemic, and Transylvania develops into a rich regional power. | | 1607–1700 | North America, UK [food and drink] | Fruits introduced to the North American colonies from England include apples, which adapt well in New England, and peaches, which grow easily in Virginia and other warmer regions. Native vegetables like pumpkins, squash, and beans are favoured over European vegetables. | | c. 1620 | Mogul Empire, India [painting] | The Mogul artist Padarath paints the miniature The Mountain Sheep. | | c. 1620 | Italy [painting] | The Italian artist Artemisia Gentileschi paints Judith Beheading Holofernes. | | July 1620 | Spain, Spanish Netherlands, Palatinate, Germany, Holy Roman Empire [wars] | Troops from the Spanish Netherlands, under the Italian general Ambrogio di Spinola, attack the Palatinate. The attack comes in the wake of the defeat (by the Spanish viceroy in Milan) of Protestants holding the Valtelline Pass in the Alps, and marks the ascendancy of the imperial coalition. | | August 1620 | France [diplomacy] | Armand Jean du Plessis de Richelieu (Cardinal Richelieu from 1622) negotiates peace in France between the rebellious nobles and the crown. Marie de' Medici, the queen mother, is reconciled to her son, King Louis XIII. Once the rebellion, led by the Duke of Mayenne, comes to an end, Louis XIII enters Béarn, which is reunited with the French crown. | | 8 November 1620 | Bohemia, Habsburg Monarchy, Holy Roman Empire [Thirty Years War (1618–48)] | King Frederick V of Bohemia flees Prague after troops of the Catholic League, led by Count Johan Tserclaus von Tilly, defeat the Bohemian army, led by Christian of Anhalt, at the Battle of the White Mountain, near Prague. After the battle, Ferdinand is restored to the Bohemian throne, leading rebels are executed, and Protestant clergymen are expelled. | | 26 December 1620 | UK, North America [colonization] | The Pilgrim Fathers land at New Plymouth (modern Plymouth), Massachusetts, North America, to found the Plymouth Colony, with John Carver as governor. The colony is outside the territory assigned to the Plymouth Company of London. |
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